Humanure: turning poop green

For many, toilets are taboo and (ahem) human waste is unspeakably off limits. But we at Toilet Twinning believe that our poop should not be poo-pooed.

In fact, it has huge untapped potential to revolutionise the way the world farms and feeds its families – all thanks to the wonders of composting.

Already, Toilet Twinning partners in several countries, including Uganda and the DRC, are installing ecosan toilets – miraculous thunderboxes where our doodly-squit is composted and transformed into a soil conditioner bursting with nutrients.*

Because, if it’s properly composted, human waste can become ‘humanure’, solving waste management issues, boosting agricultural yields and sparing farmers the cost of expensive fertilisers.

In countries such as Haiti, eco-san toilets as a waste management system helped contain the cholera outbreak that followed the 2010 earthquake. And pioneering humanure projects in Bangladesh promise new business opportunities as well as improved harvests; here, plans to use humanure as an alternative cooking fuel are good news for the environment too.

An eco-san toilet in Bihar, India

Compost loos offer significant practical advantages over other types of latrine in some contexts. Because in most types of composting loo the pits are used cyclically – with some sealed for decomposition while others are opened – they need not be dug so deep.

So the humanure revolution is gathering pace. But its advocates do face some challenges. Understandably, many people are squeamish about using human poo to grow food.

As Tearfund’s WASH Lead, Frank Greaves, explains, it can take a great deal of time and persuasion to change attitudes in the poor communities where we work if composting and the recycling of human waste are not the norm.

‘We have to be really sensitive to cultural beliefs and practices,’ says Frank, ‘but people are very excited about the potential of eco-san toilets when they can see the difference that composting in this way can make to their farming.’

Once some people start using composting latrines, the concept is promoted more widely, typically through ‘village champions’ and ‘demonstrator households’, Frank explains.

Mandy Burton reads from The Loveliest Loo at a workshop

Toilet twinner and environmental artist Mandy Burton also understands people’s initial qualms – but she is keen to help overcome them.

Mandy has just written The Loveliest Loo, a children’s colouring book about a waterless composting toilet, featuring the world’s first Toilet Twinned imaginary loo, no less. (Yes, her beautifully drawn virtual loo is officially twinned with one in the DRC.)

The book is a simple and witty account in verse of Pearl’s first visit to a compost loo. The child’s wonder at these natural processes is something that Mandy herself has never grown out of.

‘I’m fascinated by the composting process: you shove all this stuff in and out comes beautiful soil,’ says Mandy. ‘For me, composting symbolises life, death and rebirth and it’s an absolutely magical process.’

But there’s a deeper concern underlying Mandy’s love of compost loos and it’s one Toilet Twinning shares: environmental sustainability more generally.

That’s what drew her to become part of Redfield, a housing cooperative in Buckinghamshire devoted to permaculture and sustainable living. Redfield is also home to lowimpact.org, a network of organisations promoting similar values, which printed Mandy’s book. Mandy’s imaginary loo was inspired by the compost loo at Pinfold Community Garden in Barnsley, but Redfield has compost loos too (as well as more mainstream models), which fertilise its orchard.

‘It’s crazy that we use clean water to flush away our poo when we know that it can very easily be transformed into a fantastic soil conditioner,’ Mandy says.

And she makes a serious point. Almost a third of the water we use in our homes is flushed down the loo. That’s about 2 billion litres of fresh water flushed away every day in the UK alone, says Waterwise.

It could be some time before waterless dunnies or compost loos become mainstream in the UK, though their star is rising. The fact they need neither water nor sewerage makes them a very practical option in many locations – from allotments to golf courses to festivals such as Glastonbury.

For Mandy, there are more pressing reasons than mere convenience.

‘Compost loos are all about preserving resources and we really must do that,’ she says. ‘I wanted to write something for children because they are our future. They are the ones who are going to have to pick up the pieces.’

And, by the way, 2015 is the UN's International Year of Soils…

*The science bit

Composting loos use evaporation and natural decomposition to make wonders out of poo. Human faeces in the presence of oxygen naturally breaks down into pathogen-free, nutrient-rich compost, thanks to aerobic bacteria. Get the right balance between oxygen, moisture, heat and organic material and you create the perfect breeding ground for these micro-beasties.

How women are leading the charge in India’s quiet revolution

Women are leading the charge in the big push for sanitation in rural India – and not for the reasons you might expect. The threat of attack is prompting women to challenge centuries-old tradition.

The women lurk in the shadows, peeping out from behind their scarves, as we weave in and out of mud houses in remote villages in north-east India.

They are elusive, evasive even – until we ask them about the latrines we’ve come to photograph.

At the mere mention of toilets, they step forward and are keen to talk. Because here it is women who benefit most from having a latrine – and in ways you might not expect. It is women who are leading the charge in the quiet revolution unfolding in Bihar state.

Ask them why they want toilets and the answer is always the same.

‘I built a toilet for my daughter and daughter-in-law, and now they are safe,’ says Nirmala Devi, who lives in Parsauni Baij. This mother of four has had to wait for a toilet till she was ‘over 60’.

Nirmala and husband Bishwanath in Parsauni Baij

Women’s safety is a key driver behind the big push for sanitation in these villages, led by Toilet Twinning partner Discipleship Centre.

As in most poor, rural areas in India, open defecation is still the norm. But while men happily squat by the roadside in the early morning sun, culture dictates that women have to rise before dawn or wait until dark to relieve themselves. They must not be seen.

‘It’s very difficult for girls to go outside in the darkness and they’re worried about snake bites and other problems,’ says Nirmala.

That phrase, ‘other problems’, crops up often. It’s a euphemism hinting at a very real threat. Attacks on women are far from uncommon.

Widespread illiteracy and the lack of electricity mean that women here did not hear reports of two teenage girls being raped and hanged in Uttar Pradesh in May – even though the story sparked international outrage. The girls were attacked as they went out in the dark to relieve themselves. But women here in Sheohar district were already well aware of the risks.

Close by, in Dumri village, Ranju Sharma is equally enthusiastic about her latrine. Hers is a very modest affair with no roof as yet – but it’s a statement of faith that life can get better.

Her husband is a mechanic who works away for much of time, so Ranju is often left alone to bring up their two lively boys. Installing a latrine last year ended their daily trek into the bushes behind their home.

‘When I had to go outside, I used to be frightened,’ says Ranju. ‘In the night, there are snakes and lots of other problems. My children didn’t want to go outside either: they'd get dirty and have diarrhoea… but not now.’

Ranju and sons, beside their latrine in Dumri

Focusing on women is key to Discipleship Centre’s strategy. It’s a bold move in these conservative, rural areas which are traditionally beyond the reach of state-run programmes.

Discipleship Centre works with different grassroots organisations and many of the ‘community mobilisers’ these groups employ are women. It’s their job to talk to people about the importance of proper sanitation and encourage them to have a toilet.

Rani is one of these mobilisers. She lives in Purnahiya, the area where she works, so people know her and listen to what she has to say.

Away from male company, she speaks softly about the problems women face without a proper toilet.

‘Even if a woman has diarrhoea, she has to wait [until dark],’ says Rani. ‘She does not eat and she keeps to herself all day and has to wait until the evening.

‘This makes her sick and causes problems like gas. It can also cause lack of appetite, which is stress-induced. Sometimes, in an emergency, she might dig a small hole and go in secret.’

Rani, community mobiliser for Purnahiya

Most women want a toilet, Rani says, but most families here cannot afford one. Ranju’s toilet cost 9,000 Rupees (about £90), and she saved £1 a month through a local savings group to help pay for it.

As part of the government’s big push to end open defecation, it is offering grants to help families install a toilet, but they have to apply for funding retrospectively, with no guarantee their application will be successful. Many can’t afford to take that risk.

Discipleship Centre’s approach encourages families to contribute finance and labour towards their own toilet. This builds ‘ownership’, which in turn promotes the all-important ‘behaviour change’. There have been many large-scale latrine-building programme in India before but many fail, as people abandon latrines and return to open defecation.

Education is another key tool that Discipleship Centre and its local partners are using to change attitudes for good. And in areas where there is widespread illiteracy, this often means street theatre – with an interesting twist.

One drama sketch they use is a comedy, with a nod to an earlier government campaign, No Toilet, No Bride. Its message is clear: having a toilet makes men more attractive to women.

In another, more sombre sketch, a community group have a lively discussion about the pros and cons of toilets. Characters speak energetically about the ‘fresh air and exercise’ that come with open defecation.

Another asks, slowly, how they’d feel if their daughter was attacked. ‘Society is not what it was…’

Encouraging communities to break with centuries-old tradition and install latrines is hard work. But Discipleship Centre’s ever-positive Programme Manager Jay Kumar insists change is possible: ‘We can change the game.’

For Jay’s colleague, Project Officer Dwijendra Mandal, it’s just a question of patience and persistence. ‘When one person in a village has a latrine, everyone wants one,’ says Mandal.

Of long drops and light bulbs

Or the long answer to the short question: ‘Does it cost £60 to build a toilet…?’

It’s a question we hear a lot, especially on our stands at summer festivals.

The short answer is ‘yes’. But the long answer is much more interesting. Got a moment…?

When you stump up your £60 for a toilet twin (thank you), you are not just paying for a latrine slab and a pit: you are in fact lighting the touch paper to a slow-burning revolution. 

The safe latrine on your certificate is in fact the end result of a process that transforms the entire community. It’s a process that takes time but it’s well worth the wait, as our new short film from Nepal explains.

Himalayan foothills. Photo: Ralph Hodgson

Our partner in Nepal could just drive into a village with a 4x4 loaded with materials and experts. They could just build toilets for people and drive off again. But they don’t, for very good reasons.

In fact, they start by bringing villagers together in workshops and encouraging them to join action groups focused on issues that concern the community, such as farming. Gently, they plant the idea that change is possible – and change lies in the community’s hands.

Slowly, sensitively, they encourage communities to allow women to have a say in household decisions, often for the first time. It’s women and children who carry the heaviest burden in terms of collecting water and caring for the family – yet they often have no voice.Then, our partner brings men and women together in small committees to look at water and sanitation. And it’s then, when trust is established and confidence is growing, that they start to talk about the link between health and sanitation…

For many, this is a revelation, a light bulb moment. Many simply have never known why diarrhoea lays them low during the rainy season. They have never understood why their children have fallen ill or died.

Suddenly, they understand. And when that light comes on, they want a latrine. And they want to be the authors who rewrite the community’s future.

So then it’s the family, generally, who build their own latrine. So they have the dignity of providing for themselves – and ownership of what they’ve built.

A family who have understood the need for a latrine and been empowered to build their own are much more likely to use it and look after it. (That’s what sustainability is all about.)

Bishwo, whom you’ll meet in our new short film, is a great example. He had never understood why his mother and daughter had had to be hospitalised in Kathmandu with diarrhoea-related illnesses – until our partner taught him about the link between health and sanitation.

 Bishwo outside his latrine. Photo: Ralph Hodgson

Then, he didn’t hesitate to sell two of his goats to be able to pay for a permanent latrine. He was so proud that he held an open day so his community could come and see for themselves – and even try it out.

Now, the only infection spreading is enthusiasm for latrines. Several neighbours have built their own.

As Bishwo says, ‘This toilet is my guarantee of reaching old age now.’ That’s what your £60 pays for.

We believe strongly that education is the key to ending poverty. When people have knowledge, they can make informed choices about their lives. And bring about change for the long term.

In some places, of course, this approach isn’t possible. So in conflict areas (such as parts of the DRC) or places hit by a natural disaster (such as cyclone-damaged areas of Bangladesh), we have to ‘go operational’.

That’s when our founder charities, Cord and Tearfund, send in people with water and sanitation expertise to dig wells and build latrines. They still run hygiene education workshops for communities where they’re working, to ensure that people understand the need for handwashing and keeping clean. This is sometimes how we have to work to save lives, but we’d rather not start from there.

We believe that working with local organisations, with communities, to educate, equip and empower households to find their own way out of poverty is far better. (In development circles, it’s known as community-led total sanitation.)

It works, it lasts and it’s far more cost-effective.

Which brings us back to the original question… ‘Does it cost £60 to build a toilet?’

In communities hit by disaster or conflict where we ‘go operational’, the cost of providing a latrine is far higher than £60. In places where we work through local organisations, the cost is lower. Overall, the average cost per household for a water and sanitation programme – across the 25 countries where Tearfund and Cord work – is about £60.

So, as you can see, your £60 goes far further than just digging a latrine: that’s just the bit we can show in the photo on your certificate. In fact, your money sparks an amazing chain reaction that is changing entire communities for ever. One light bulb moment, one latrine at a time.

Bishwo's village. Photo: Ralph Hodgson

A love affair with toilets

Toilet Twinning has recently teamed up with London Loo Tours, which now offers the opportunity to twin a toilet and have a private tour. We share an obsession with toilets and a slightly wacky sense of humour. Here, toilet plunger in hand, Rachel Erickson, the Loo Tour Lady, explains her passion for the privy… 

I spend most of my life thinking and talking about toilets.

People often ask me why.

It’s a long story…

When I moved to London in 2011 to study for my MA at the Royal Central School of Speech and Drama, I never could have imagined the path my career would take. I came partly because I loved London and partly because I saw this as the best place to pursue a theatrical career.

The toilet obsession started very innocently, with a personal mission to avoid the 30p and upwards charges at many public conveniences across the capital.  I started learning where the free ones were, and noticing the difference in price at different spots.

It would have remained an innocent joke had I not decided to become a tour guide. I happened to mention my toilet obsession in a biography and my interviewer responded by saying, ‘And you should definitely do a public toilet tour of London. Definitely.’

Being a curious person, I started to wonder if I could actually pull it off. Despite being a regular user, I hadn’t thought a lot about toilets other than knowing where they were and how much they cost.  I took them for granted.

And so began the long journey down the toilet path… I researched, chatted with providers, and read every book I could get my hands on, and soon found that the topic was a bigger one than I had ever imagined. The tours grew surprisingly quickly, from something I had thought would be a one-off joke to them becoming my main occupation.

I also found out just how important toilets actually are. While paying 30p may be a frustration, I know now that we are among the privileged where toilets are concerned.

One of the highlights of my career has been attending the 2013 World Toilet Summit in Solo, Indonesia. The toilet summit takes place in a different country every year and brings together entrepreneurs, academics, city planners, manufacturers, environmental activists and an odd assortment of others like myself who don’t quite fit a category.

The mission is to explore solutions to the global sanitation crisis that affects approximately 40 per cent of the world’s population. There are still today 2.5 billion people worldwide who lack access to safe sanitation. It is one of the world’s biggest killers, hitting women, children and the elderly the hardest. A lack of toilets can also have severe economic impacts too, leading to a less educated and less productive workforce.

Yet, it doesn’t get talked about.

The reason is largely down to the webs of taboos and inhibitions around bodily functions: toilets are a tough subject to talk about. They aren’t as sexy as water, for example.  A picture of a politician turning on a new water pump is more attractive than using a new toilet (not to mention the potential for puns!)

The driving force behind the Toilet Summit is Jack Sim, also known at Mr Toilet, who founded the World Toilet Organization in 2001. He said something during the conference that has stuck with me ever since:

‘If you can laugh at yourself, you can get others to laugh at you. And if you can get them to laugh, then you can get them to listen.’

This is where I hope that my tours can, in some small way, bridge the gap between humour and action. They remain fairly light-hearted, with history, gossip and a small smattering of bad puns. But it is also a chance for me to provoke people to dive a bit deeper, and to plant seeds. As I develop Loo Tours, my mission is to connect with organisations working in sanitation so that some of those seeds can grow.

At heart, I think we are all closet toilet enthusiasts. Everyone has a story, and the most rewarding days of the tour are the ones where 15 people who were total strangers at the start spend an hour afterwards in the pub talking about the subject.

If we can harness this secret enthusiasm, then we will be well on the path to positive change!

Toilet Twinning is a brilliant initiative, and I am very pleased that they have agreed to partner with me on tours. Twinning a toilet is a simple and fun way, not only to support education around safe sanitation, but also to spread the word about your contribution and perhaps encourage others to do the same. 

Loo Tours is currently offering the opportunity to twin your toilet and get a private tour (http://lootours.com/home/tours-for-a-cause/toilet-twinning.html)

Twitter: @londonlootours

Facebook: LondonLooTours

Blog: Doingyourbusiness.blogspot.co.uk

To the ends of the earth...

Toilet Twinning's CEO Lorraine Kingsley travels to the top of the world (almost) to meet a man whose loo has changed his entire village.

We negotiate six river-bed crossings, countless potholes and a gazillion hairpin bends during the four-hour drive from Kathmandu… then suddenly the village of Talakhu swings into view.

Perched among the sweeping foothills of the Himalayas, it looks out on lush lime-green terraces of wheat, maize and rice snaking up the steep hillsides.

To the ends of the earth: the Himalayan foothills. Photo: Ralph Hodgson

It’s getting late so we retire to our overnight accommodation, which is a bed in a corrugated iron lean-to attached to the side of a home. The shower is cold water in a bucket, in a communal area outdoors.

Early the next morning, after a breakfast of sweet tea and omelette, we set off across more river beds and potholes to reach a simple homestead about an hour away.

Here, a grandfather sits on a rattan mat on his terracotta-coloured verandah, with his three-year-old grandson on his knee. The little boy laughs at his grandfather’s whispers.

Kancha, who’s 52, knows why we have come. He points proudly to his concrete latrine: the first one to be built in the village.

Like his neighbours, he learnt about the link between sanitation and health when Toilet Twinning's partner started working in Risthabot three years ago.

Kancha is now a member of an association that has brought clean drinking water to the village and ended the daily trek to the polluted stream for water. Reaping the benefits of good health, he and his wife, Shaili, work side by side on their land, harvesting wheat and maize, and tending to the cauliflowers, cabbages, onions and garlic in their vegetable garden.

Kancha with his wife, Shaili, and their grandson. Photo: Ralph Hodgson

Their life seems appealingly simple, even successful. But there’s a sobering back story.

Kancha starts to tell us about the two children he lost. He believes they’d still be alive today if he’d learnt 20 years ago about the link between open defecation and diarrhoeal diseases. 

And then it hits you. Kancha is among the millions of parents who experience the terrible reality of that stark sanitation statistic: every minute, three children under the age of five die from diarrhoea-related diseases.

‘We used to use the corner of our land or the nearby stream for defecation,’ he says. ‘Before, there were flies all around and my family were sick all the time.

‘Our five-year-old daughter died of dysentery. And then, in the same year, we lost our three-year-old son after he had diarrhoea for a week. We didn’t know about health and sanitation at that time.

‘But [Toilet Twinning's partner] taught us about the importance of building a toilet. Since then, we can go two or three months, or even six months, without a single instance of diarrhoea.’

Negotiating rivers and potholes to reach Kancha. Photo: Ralph Hodgson

Kancha built his toilet two years ago, for a cost of 52,000 rupees (about £320), thanks to a loan from his relatives. He carried all the stones and dug the pit himself – to keep costs down – but still needed the loan to pay for pipes, roofing and cement, and for a local labourer to help him build the walls.

Inspired, 11 other households in the village have followed suit and built their own latrine. Gradually, the health of the whole village is improving.

The benefits they are enjoying now only underline the price they used to pay for poor sanitation.

Before, Kancha and Shaili were so often sick that their land would lie fallow. All their money went on medicines and healthcare. On two occasions, they were only able to harvest half their crops, because they were too ill to get out of bed. They had to take out loans to buy food – loans that took two or three years to repay.

The stunning backdrop to Kancha's life story. Photo: Ralph Hodgson

There was fallout for the three elder children’s education too; none went to secondary school. ‘Every month, my children would miss at least a week of school,’ says Kancha. One of his grown-up sons lives at home and helps with the farming; his two oldest children work in the city as taxi drivers.

But Kancha’s youngest son, who’s 18, and his only daughter, who’s 16, are still at school – in year 12 and year ten respectively. He dreams big for these two. He hopes that improving heath will bring better job opportunities, and the chance to break free of the poverty that has dogged the family for generations.

‘I think it is possible for my children to have a prosperous and happy life, as they know how to keep their environment clean and healthy,’ says Kancha. ‘With this knowledge, I do not think they will have to endure the difficulties that Shaili and I have encountered.’

A thing or two they did for us

‘A mighty army pounding its way across Europe, a relentless and brutal pursuit of power, the creation of one of the greatest empires the world has ever seen.’

This is how the Roman advance is described on the website of our friends at The Vindolanda Trust  in Northumberland, who have just twinned their latrines, ancient and modern, to mark World Water Day (22 March).

Vindolanda: Sit on the loo, chat, compare spongia, as you do

Setting aside the brutality and focusing on the more positive aspects of ‘what the Romans did for us’, decent sanitation has to be up there on the list.

As Dr Andrew Birley, Director of Excavations at The Vindolanda Trust, explained, ‘Two thousand years ago, at the fort and town of Vindolanda, on the very edge of the Roman Empire, you could go to the loo in safety and with the confidence of using a well-built, engineered, clean and safe toilet no matter who you were.  This is one of the most important legacies the Romans left behind in Britain, and a foundation of their great civilisation.’

But recently the UK press has been full of stories of public toilet closures, public toilets being sold off to private developers, public toilets being converted into houses … you get the picture.  It’s the fallout from our current financial position, as councils seek to cut budgets.  It’s easier to find a public loo in China than it is in Britain, notwithstanding the (patchy) help from commendable community toilet schemes.

This homegrown situation pales into insignificance, however, beside the scandal that there are STILL 2.5 billion people in the world without access to any decent loo, whether public or private.  

‘The ancient Romans would have been appalled’ Dr Birley said,  and what’s more, he adds, they would have wanted to ‘do something about it’.

That’s why The Vindolanda Trust have grabbed the opportunity to make a difference, and twinned their toilets to help flush away poverty overseas. As the Romans might have commented ‘amor vincit omnia’ (love conquers all).

Shut that door!

Many parents of small children find the constant demands of their young ones can sometimes get a bit trying. The final straw can often be the inability to go to the toilet, shut and lock the door, and claim a few minutes peace and privacy.  

For millions of people in the world, there is never any privacy for these daily bodily functions. Open defecation is their only option.  So along with improved health and hygiene, twinning your toilet with a latrine overseas is an act that can bestow a more intangible - but arguably no less important - benefit:  a private space to respond to the call of nature.

A room without a view: Ugandan toilets with doors that shut.
Photo: Vernon Kingsley/Toilet Twinning

Different cultures, of course, have different attitudes to privacy, and the need for privacy also varies between individuals.  Many of us will know the irritation of having our personal space invaded, for example when someone stands ‘too close for comfort’ while talking to you.  Others are happy to put almost all their emotions and actions out on social media.

And where does our need for privacy end and the negativity of loneliness begin?  A high-rise close-the-door culture where relationships become increasingly virtual, accessed through technology rather than face to face, is not a comfortable vision for the future.  

But wherever we would draw our personal line between the private and the public, there are some actions that we would all prefer to do behind closed doors, given the choice.

In her autobiography ‘Daughter of the River’,  Hong Ying describes her youthful experience of communal latrines in 20th century China. Defecation, she said, was  ‘no easy matter, with all those eyes fixed on your exposed private parts...Standing in the queue made me nervous;  so did the squatting itself.’  Constipation became a way of life.

She would use a book or a bag to gain a little privacy, but that brought its own problems: ‘I didn’t want people in the queue thinking I was intentionally shielding my private parts from view.  The last thing I wanted was for those sharp-tongued gossipy women to start saying I had some kind of problem. What did I have that was so great that I wouldn’t let them see it?’

Modern-day public toilets in Beijing, China. At home, toilet facilities are less likely to be shared.

Public toilets without doors are still common in China, but the massive home building programme has brought private facilities to many if not most.  And an occasional use of doorless cubicles, with their rudimentary but welcome plumbing, is one thing. But a daily quest for a private piece of ground, or having to delay defecation until darkness arrives, is quite another.   

Many people in the world’s poorest countries (a club to which China emphatically does not belong) face this reality.  That’s why, when you twin your toilet you are giving a wonderful gift. You are helping people to understand about hygiene, handwashing and the dangers of open defecation for sure;  you are certainly helping them gain the skills to construct latrines; but you are also giving them the blessed relief of little bit of privacy every day of their lives.